Marzotto family mediator, Centre for Studies and Family Research, University Cattolica di Milano socio fondatore S.I.M.e.F. costanzam@tiscalinet.it
Premessa
I bisogni individuali e comunitari all’origine della nascita della mediazione sono un oggetto da esplorare con attenzione per contribuire alla definizione di questa nuova pratica professionale con le famiglie nella difficile transizione della separazione e del divorzio.
Ritengo infatti che l’azione mediativa con cui un terzo equidistante dalle parti, faciliti due contendenti nel raggiungimento di accordi buoni per loro e per i soggetti implicati nel conflitto, sia una prassi da sempre esistente nelle nostre civiltà, but recently has found its own space needed to meet new needs particularly within families, for the management of conflicts related to separation of spouses and quarrels between the generazioni1.
In particular, the use of a special place where a person specifically preparata2, a "ferry" (Cigoli, 1998, p.. 49) facilitates the transition from one state to another relational criticism seems to correspond to a need for self-determination people and a search for meaning in relation to each other as a couple, accountability, the desire of communication in adults.
If a dispute develops between people coinvolte da relazioni significative, può esitare nella vincita di una parte nella perdita dell’altra senza particolari conseguenze per la loro vita quotidiana, ma nel caso di una diatriba tra genitori che decidono di separarsi o tra parenti in occasione di un’eredità, è un evento che necessita non solo di una soluzione positiva relativamente all’oggetto del contendere, ma abbisogna di un esito che protegga il legame inteso come prezioso bene relazionale che sappiamo essere risorsa fondamentale per la crescita dei soggetti, per l’identità stessa delle parti in causa. Come afferma JP Bonafé Schmitt, il modello giudiziario di risoluzione delle controversie, fondato sulla contrapposizione degli interessi, mal si adatta a trattare questo tipo di contenziosi familiari (2003).
Cercherò in questo mio scritto di individuare le tappe essenziali della storia della mediazione familiare, nominando gli eventi chiave, i soggetti coinvolti, (dimensione interattiva) ma altresì tenterò di fornire una lettura del significato relazionale di questi cambiamenti, alla ricerca del senso di un processo che come un’onda montante (Bastard- Vonèche, 1989) sta positivamente invadendo l’Europa e il mondo in questi ultimi trenta/quarant’anni nel campo della regolazione dei conflitti dapprima solo di coppia, successivamente anche tra generazioni, nelle istituzioni e nelle comunità.
La mia proposta - Well aware that not everything can be said - is to take the life of family mediation in the generative perspective, or identifying and godparents of the new institute which recognize the theoretical and experiential assets messoci available over the years and noting how " critical events "some of the dates of conferences, publications of texts, start-up services, the promulgation of laws in Italy and abroad.
My attempt will be to recognize the basic needs professional intervention to which it has sought to answer (sometimes anticipating the question itself!): Psycho-social needs of workers, judges and lawyers, needs of adults and minors involved, but also social needs of the community, not yet fully known to stakeholders.
The complexity of these thirty years, we can identify different "interdisciplinary alliances" driving the evolution of mediation at the beginning we find a strong link between mediation and social workers and law, then the proponents of mediation have been Parents - especially in France, for example, fathers - (and again today seem among the most ardent advocates of this mode of conflict management in the separation), and in another period of mediation is practiced by most clinical family: what is the meaning of these undulations?
My guess is to recognize a strong feeling in certain professions that add to their basic skills that their mediation and negotiation that plague other areas gradually so that it spreads like a creative way to address conflicts and is applied to light of different theoretical paradigms and creating different patterns of mediazione3.
Mediation family anticipates a question?
I would argue, in brief, that the mediation even before the bisogni di continuità genitoriale dei figli - motivazione che va per la maggiore e che sembra “commuovere” i legislatori e l’opinione pubblica - o al bisogno di difesa degli interessi della parte debole, spesso la madre (ma oggi anche il padre), è posta in atto come strumento clinico offerto dal corpo sociale a supporto di transizioni critiche del corpo familiare.
Per questo mi preme evidenziare alcuni dei bisogni delle nostre famiglie e della nostra comunità ai quali essa tenta di rispondere, affinché la mediazione non venga introdotta nel nostro ordinamento come uno strumento moralistico o panacea di tutti i mali, come nuova forma di controllo sociale.
Need ritual.
When fifteen years ago I was going to write about these topics (Marzotto, 1988/89), it was argued that the mediation had become necessary because in our country experienced the attempt at conciliation by the judge hearing the presidential election, appeared inadequate hasty and unsatisfactory for everyone involved. The conflicting reports
joined by family members could not settle for a few minutes before the judge to consider / goodness / risk of separation agreements: a widespread demand was to be able to access the appropriate time and space in which to perform the ritual de-mariage, as I will then call Théry (1998). Even P. Arensi in his recent contribution to the mediation seems to find many positive effects of its rituals that are achieved in mediation and that go far beyond simple conflict resolution and the actual result summarized in the act of legal separation by mutual consent "(2002).
The positive effects of mediation appear to be linked to specific ritual aspects (eg the submission of regole4, signing the contract) fielded by the entire journey and it is working on the border, the space left in the rite of passage that helps symbolic processing, recruitment of parental responsibilities when cutting coniugale5.need for justice and degiuridicizzazione:
This necessity is the subject of great controversy with the way the lawyers as more than a need is seen as a risk, to impose a consensual at all costs even if the litigation is useful, even necessary to leave the marital conflict. Referring to other documents regarding some thoughts, I share with some colleagues, the assumption that mediation is a viable alternative to a sort of "derives executioner" (or recourse to the courts for conflict than in other periods were faced by intermediaries in the social fabric) and I want to point out that the conflicts inherent in the relationship of blood - only objects controlled with the right - are characterized by a considerable size "emotional" and therefore not can be transformed with the sole application of the rule, but need times and places suitable to their development. How to write Scabini squeaking, family conflict need to be contained in their destructive dimension, need to be addressed in the appropriate fora to express their size GA (2003).Need prevention of child distress.
Yes, this also serves as mediation, to prevent the problems of juvenile delinquency increasingly present among the younger generation due to the absence of the second parent, the lack of normative dimension embodied by his father - absent in the universe of many young people five years after the rupture of the pair bond (see Cigoli, 1998). It appears from numerous studies that the interruption of the generative links (links to free, and its lack of a sense of belonging to the two races), are the basis of self-injurious and antisocial behavior of many children of broken families, or of young people that "hear" the voice of his father.Need to experience forgiveness, meaning the taking upon himself the responsibility for breaking the covenant:
Recent studies have shown that the quality of life through learning that construct increasingly rare in our families which is for-giving, in the etymological sense of the free gift of recognition of the (mother and father, brother, ...) as a carrier of positive aspects, beyond the conflict. Those dealing with separation and divorce is becoming more evident than during the divorce or a dispute over an inheritance, you run the risk of contamination with anger, disappointment, distrust of local conflict, throughout the report that had once taken to make reproductive choices or solidarity .
Through the research that I propose here, you can recognize a route common to all countries in which to enter a phase of a model of mediation through the broadcasting by a master, followed by the opening of universalistic public services, the establishment of associations, with the subsequent formalization or less in a professional (with the proper mechanisms for admission control and training and practice) and the pressure on institutions for the promulgation of a law on mediation in the Family Code.
In fact there are two situations A) one in which mediation is practiced as a new profession and B) that the mediation agreement as an additional competence in certain professional identity, existing and prevalent.
On this issue the debate is on and the story certainly offers a useful contribution to a dilemma still open!
The first generation
the beginning of the '70s and '80s
The alliance between voluntary agencies, social services and lawyers: the English experience;
The discontent of the American lawyers: the practice of negotiating the world of work goes into family relationships
in Europe in 1974 is reported as the date of birth of the new practice of "reconciliation" in England you define the purpose and the difference with re-Finer6 and Conciliation in the report that is put in place by Lisa Parkinson, a social worker at the services for the protection of the Court of Bristol.
In 1978 she founded the first public National Family Conciliation Council in accordance with Association of the Bar Association Family Law in order to encourage collaboration between parents divorced and engaged in an experimental project in which the coordination between public, private and voluntary (the Charity Associations). Even then occurred skepticism and concern by the lawyers, but those feelings were soon overtaken by an intense collaboration and "a reciprocal flow of people from one specialista7" (Parkinson, 2003, p. 21).
In the U.S., where it already had been set up in 1939, the Los Angeles Conciliation Court to protect the rights of the child, the family and the institution del matrimonio (sic!); si parlava di mediazione in modo ambiguo - come ancora oggi capita di sentire - cioè di un percorso per la ri-conciliazione delle coppie e non per una “regolamentazione amichevole” dei loro conflitti! Solo successivamente infatti sarà esplicita la finalità di mettere fine al rapporto di coppia e minimizzare gli effetti negativi della separazione sulla famiglia, mettendo a tema della negoziazione le questioni relative ai figli e al patrimonio (Bérubé L.- Lambert D., 2000).
Come pionieri della mediazione, cioè come coloro che per primi hanno sperimentato questa risorsa e ne hanno de-scritto le peculiarità si è soliti citare l’avvocato e psicoterapeuta O. James Coogler e l’esperto negoziatore del mondo del lavoro John Haynes. Il primo, reduce da una drammatica esperienza personale8 di separazione coniugale incontrò personalmente ad Atlanta The Bridge, un luogo di incontro per famiglie divise istituito per opera di Griffin, Santos e Pemberton, tre consulenti familiari per coppie in via di separazione o divorziate che ascoltavano le persone all’interno di un contesto extragiudiziale alla ricerca di soluzioni pacifiche dei conflitti coniugale. Il ponte viene costruito “per connettere ciò che attiene alla sfera del privato (il versante dei sentimenti) e ciò che appartiene alla sfera del pubblico (il versante dei diritti e dei doveri giuridicamente9 regulated) ". In 1975 OJ
Coogler gave birth to the Family Mediation Association, started the magazine Family Mediation, to give structure to this new scientific practice and in 1978 she released her hand, "Structured Mediation in Divorce Settlement: an Handbook for Marital Mediators" and the ten were born over three hundred years following associations between the mediators, to determine both the interest in this new practice, but also an attempt to defend the rights of individuals involved in the conflict - including clients and lawyers! The second
John Haynes (d. 1999) was the founder of the Academy of Family Mediatiors of which was President from among the 1981 and 1985 and introduced in the management of family disputes, some techniques used in the world of brokerage firms, their problem-solving, negotiation and reason, such as brainstorming.
In 1978, after years of commitment to the training of social workers and family counselors, he wrote an important contribution in outlining the role of the family mediator10, and in 1981 he published his book in which they are well-defined stages of the process, the tasks of el'intreccio involved with the social and legal. This text together with its author, goes around the world in training courses (in Quebec since 1982 is called to the trainer in the pilot project for the mediation service to the Supreme Court of Montreal) and in Europe since the early novanta11.
will introduce the California Civil Code in 1981 in the mediation as a required step to examine the needs of children involved in divorce before the hearing in court.In 1984, the trial will start quebecqoise after a training given by Haynes to social workers working with divided families, to remedy the loneliness of custodial mothers and fragmentation of family ties. Linda Berube In 1985 he founded and chaired the association between professionals AMFQ (Quebec Association of Family Mediators), which allowed dual membership to the list of the profession of origin and that of mediators.
still does not appear explicitly for the purpose of mediation as a "means of care and social ties between the generations" - a resource for the community as a whole - as it will appear more evident in the next two decades in Canada and Europe when the techniques of rational negotiation / integrative combine with the Latin culture and philosophy relationships.
Retracing the steps of history remember, it was in 1978 in Canada and Irving M. HH Benjamin started to Toronto un Progetto per offrire la counciliation alle coppie in rotta, con la finalità di umanizzare la procedura giuridica del processo di separazione, nella speranza di delineare nuove vie alternative alla semplice ricerca del “miglior genitore” o del colpevole della crisi di coppia!
In Quebec la legge di introduzione della mediazione N.65/1997, propone a tutti i genitori che decidono di separarsi di essere informati sull’esistenza di un percorso extragiudiziario preliminare all’udienza in Tribunale. Gli accordi presi in mediazione saranno poi registrati dal magistrato. La finalità sembra essere chiaramente quella di coinvolgere il genitore non affidatario (nella maggioranza dei casi il father) to support their offspring and affordable! The compulsory information session and five sessions for free at one of 900 accredited mediators - in which the father and mother define the regime of custody and the amount of maintenance for their children, responding to a dramatically urgent and real need to involve both parents - not even married - and in raising children in preventing the impoverishment of single-parent families. The first major survey conducted in Quebec in the eighties by Richardson, in fact, aims to show that where parents have made arrangements in the first person outside the path court, are more involved in relationships with their children than those who choose the path tradizionale12. This testing will ensure the Government for many years thanks to an Evaluation Committee which presented interesting results and proposed modifications to the International Congress in Montreal in September to 200,313.
At that time in France as a result of a historic training course in Quebec in 1988 - which included social workers, psychologists, lawyers, judges and parents associations parents separated, from Belgium, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, was founded in APMF Paris in 1988, Association pour la Promotion de la family mediation (the cui prima Presidente fu Annie Babu14), organismo finalizzato alla diffusione della cultura della mediazione presso gli addetti ai lavori e in collaborazione con le Associazioni familiari15.
Sempre nel 1988 a Ginevra per iniziativa dell’Associazione Parent for ever international, che aveva sedi anche a Balles, Friburgo e Neuchâtel si svolse uno storico Congresso internazionale al quale parteciparono genitori, politici, magistrati, operatori psico sociali proveneienti da Belgio, Olanda, Gran Bretagna e Svizzera tedesca, con l’obiettivo di sostenere un’opinione sempre più diffusa che si rimaneva entrambi genitori anche dopo la rottura del vincolo del matrimonio o alla fine della convivenza.
From the perspective of relational ethics in place a dynamic look at one of the founders of this practice: these people have long been involved in divorce proceedings, in search of new instruments in the legal, social or investigation in the study. The personal experience of some and the professional conscience of others, have implemented creative methods and strategies best suited to accompany the family group in this difficult transition involving not only the members of the family, but the whole community and where the delegation was ineffective legal authority for the purpose of maintaining the commitments presi - anche consensualmente - davanti al giudice.
Accanto al gruppo di assistenti sociali, consulenti tecnici d’ufficio ed avvocati si muovono verso il modello mediativo di intervento con le coppie in via di separazione o divorziate un certo numero di psicanalisti, terapeuti familiari o di coppia di diverso riferimento teorico: negli anni ottanta saranno pubblicate oltre oceano i testi della F. Kaslow (1984), psicoterapeuta affermata che aveva delineato le fasi del processo di separazione, di H.H. Irving e Benjamin cui si è accennato sopra (1987), e in area francofona nel 1989 escono i numeri monografici delle due principali riviste relative ai temi del famigliare: “Le groupe familiale”, the journal of the Ecole des Parents et des Educateurs and "Dialogue," the magazine dell'AFCC, the association of family counselors.
I wish to point out in addition to the contributions of many of the authors mentioned above, the interesting article of Martini, Nerisson and Robinet (1989), in which it became clear that mediation corresponded to a resource group personnel and the difficult transition of separation and that this ground was already covered by psychotherapists, who should soon recognize the differences and peculiarities of these two different fields of work (on this debate always present, cf. Marzotto C. and L. Parkinson, The difference between mediation and family therapy, "Round Table" V, 1 / 2002, p.7).
The second generation: the boom of the '90s
The application of the parents and family associations: the alliance between the people involved, psychotherapists and experts.
Roussel Already in 1981 identified a "partial transfer of the judiciary to external bodies, in particular psychological type" (p. 90) as denoting the start of an unstoppable process of enlargement Instances of these extra judicial settlement of conflicts related to family, not without resistance and scandal by some representatives of the legal world who fear a dangerous competition.
In 1991, the mediation centers in France were organized into a National Committee of the associations and family mediation services, now called Fenamef, National Association of Family Mediation coordination functions to ensure uniformity of performance. It is interesting to recall that in this country in the development of this practice, that the following two interesting phenomena: on one hand the strong involvement of Family Associations, as being a party in making services for parents in need and on the other - according to a Napoleonic tradition - the government are very active. Since 1994, the public body had a strong function of promoting the spread of mediation services, having identified this resource is also an important source of "savings" in the face of rising social costs for a second home in the Paris suburbs . The APEC Association pour l'Enfance et le couple established such agreements with municipalities to ensure a few days per week the presence of a mediator. Since the first survey conducted in France by B. Bastard and L. Vonêche (1990) 16 shows a central role played by organizations such as the CNAF (Caisse Nationale des Allocations Familiales) el'UNAF (Union Nationale des Association Familiales) and in financial support in spreading the practice of family mediation.
in 1990 in Caen in France is experiencing the first Colloque International in Europe on family mediation dall'APMF organized in collaboration with the Don Bosco, which Italy also participated. It was an 'important opportunity for discussion between the Anglo-Saxon and Latin models, or between a pragmatic termination and an alternative transition beyond the separation. In mediation
Germany sees the first steps in the second half of the eighties, when an interdisciplinary group received training from brokers such as American J. Heynes, G. Friedman, J. Himmelstein, F. Kaslow and S. Cohen was born in 1992 in Monaco BAFM, Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft fur Familienmediation, associations of professionals aimed at defining some training standards and criteria for license to practice in the absence of legislation.
Concerning the evolution in Spain, we recall that the first awareness-raising and training alla mediazione familiare partono nel 1990 per iniziativa del Ministero degli Affari Sociali in collaborazione con la Fondazione Famiglia Ocio y Naturaleza e nel 1992 a Barcellona, la Caixa finanzierà due servizi di mediazione familiare (Corsi e Siringano, 1999). Nella regione di Madrid, a Valencia e in Galizia alla fine del 2002 si avranno leggi regionali sulla famiglia che nominano questa pratica per l’aiuto alla separazione coniugale.
L’Austria che partecipò con vivo interesse al Convegno del 1989 a Strasburgo, si dette ben presto una regolamentazione interna sia sul valore legale degli accordi di mediazione che sui percorsi formativi offerti all’interno delle Università a tutti professionals involved in the process of divorce.The 1984 marked the turning point in Italy compared to a "new way of managing family conflicts" with the publication of the contribution of the three fathers of the Italian forensic psychology, Cesabianchi, Quadrio and Scaparro, which vest in the separation, in "The unfinished child" spoke of family mediation. He started as a first consideration of the need for action to the accompaniment of those involved in the process of separation, no longer seen as a timely event, but as a complex path, in need of new strumentazioni tecnico professionali (Bernardini, 1989).
A questo scritto seguirà nel 1988 il volume di Gulotta e Santi “Dal conflitto al consenso” in cui viene presentata al nostro pubblico l’istituto della mediazione familiare nelle situazioni di separazione e divorzio e con una apertura ai diversi ambiti di applicazione possibili.
Dalla fine degli anni ottanta in poi la mediazione prende piede in Europa.
A Milano, il Centro Studi e Ricerche sulla Famiglia dell’Università Cattolica, avvia in collaborazione con l’IEMF i primi corsi di formazione e apre le porte il Servizio Comunale Genitori Ancora di Milano per iniziativa di Fulvio Scaparro e Irene Bernardini17; in Rome, at the Faculty of Psychology, University "La Sapienza", the team directed by Anna Maria dell'Antoniano with R. Ardone and S. Mazzoni start an experimental section of family mediation for difficult separations, in collaboration with the Office of Safeguards Roma18 District Court in Rome in 1993 and always held the first International Congress on Family Mediation in separation and divorce made by the Department of Development Processes Socialization and will be attended by French and colleagues also americani19.
In the mid-nineties, the team Association Gea di Milano creates a training per gli operatori dei Centri per le Famiglie della Regione Emilia Romagna e nel 1998 uscirà il volume collettivo a cura di C. Marzotto e R. Telleschi, frutto del percorso formativo con gli operatori psico sociali dell’ASL città di Milano (1994-96); i primi dati di ricerca in contesto esplicitamente italiano si avranno nel testo di Bernardini e Scaparro (1994) e di Canevelli e Lucardi (2000).
Il Consiglio d’Europa il 1 e 2 ottobre 1998 indice La IV Conferenza europea sul diritto di Famiglia avente come tema la Mediazione Familiare, per presentare la Raccomandazione N.R (98)1 in cui si invitano gli stati membri “a promuovere la mediazione familiare e a prendere o rinforzare tutti those measures necessary to implement appropriate procedures for the resolution of family disputes "as it considers mediation a resource that" allows the parties to resume dialogue to find a solution to their conflict, "rather than withdraw into a logic of confrontation which usually come out a winner and a loser. It 'important to note that even then it opens at the prospect of using mediation to address also other family disputes.
At that time everyone could see the live mediation, noting three short simulations of family mediation made hemicycle of Strasbourg from four mediators of the UK College of Family Mediators: C. Richards, P. Montgomery, E. Walsh with a basic legal and Scottish Fiona Garwood, founder of Family Mediation Scotland20.
The ethical dimension, the training standards and status quaestionis in different European countries had been subject to years of careful observation by the staff of the Council of Europe and even on that occasion was made the subject among others, the delicate relationship between the mediator and the judge and the crucial issue of confidentiality of information between the two contexts.
The exchange of information between countries and between professionals of different disciplines was extraordinary: it seemed to participate in the phase of the nascent state and the network of relationships between European mediators that are easily established in the years following an intense exchange of resources. Each of the participants returned home with a clear mission to accomplish at the micro, meso and macro: to spread the culture of mediation in conflict management, family members gather in groups, open services and do "mediation" integrated with the world of justice.
is in Marseilles in 1996, the European Forum of Training Centers in family mediation sees the light as a body for the promotion of uniform educational standards and cultural exchange between different models and experience working in Europe (recorded Marseille in France, home of the first meeting at a major international congress organized by the University of Provence on interventions to support parenting) 21.
Each year, the Assembly approved training centers, with the meeting of the Steering Committee and the Standards Committee, will take place in several European cities, in connection with events of cultural exchange and mutual exchange, with the aim to continue ' joint enterprise of the spread of mediation for the care of family ties.
Examples are the massive participation of the Italian family mediators in May 1998 the International Colloquium di Lyon dal titolo, “L’enfant au risque de l’oubli” organizzato dall’Institut des sciences de la Famille della locale Università Cattolica, seguito due anni dopo dall’altro appuntamento “La transmission dans la famille: sécrets, fictions et idéaux22”, nel 2003 dal Convegno di Roma e nel 2004 da quello di Lisbona.
A Napoli l’Aims organizza nel 199623 un importante convegno di approfondimento del modello sistemico di mediazione attuato non solo con le famiglie, a cui seguiranno il Convegno di Riccione del 2001 e quello di Castelbrando dell’ottobre 2003.
Nel frattempo si sviluppano in Italia due importanti filoni operativi: l’avvio di servizi specialistici di mediazione familiare integrati con il percorso giudiziario e l’introduzione della mediazione come risorsa all’interno di servizi polivalenti per le famiglie (si veda ad esempio l’esperienza della Regione Emilia Romagna con i Centri per le famiglie, dell’ASL città di Milano e del Comune di Palermo). Già dal 1994 alcune Regioni come la Liguria, il Lazio, la Toscana e la Lombardia (si veda il recente Piano Socio Sanitario della Lombardia 2002-2004), introducono nelle norme locali la mediazione come una risorsa per la difficile transizione della separazione e del divorzio, finché la L. 285 sui servizi per l’infanzia e l’adolescenza, talk of mediation services to ensure the welfare of the children of broken families. Subsequently the law
77, 2003 for the protection of the rights of the child, explicitly introduces the use of family mediation.
The third generation: mediation in the third millennium
Overcoming the ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) to a specific location for the mediation of family conflicts in the couple and between generations. The editors of the transition process of a family: the distribution of working models on a continuum between a structured pole ed un polo trasformativo
Ma non basta! nelle famiglie che vivono difficili transizioni come la separazione o il divorzio, non è sufficiente avviare percorsi extragiudiziari per la de-giuridicizzazione dei conflitti, c’è bisogno di cambiare lo stile comunicativo della coppia parentale e di avviare un processo di rigenerazione dei legami.
Ai mediatori impegnati con le coppie in conflitto appare sempre più evidente che ai genitori è opportuno offrire interventi per la facilitazione della negoziazione e per la ritualizzazione di passaggi critici della vita familiare e per mantenere il dialogo tra le generazioni. Dalla fine degli anni novanta la Mediation is characterized not as a path of "partial" only focusing on the issues of raising children, but the model is spreading "global" (all issues, comprehensive family mediation) or search for agreements also cover economic issues the family property.
Mediation is transformed into a broader process which, unlike other forms of dispute resolution over the content of contention is essential to change the relationship between parents, to rescue the tie with the different tribes, the search leads not only to avoid the destructiveness of the conflict, but to encourage the presence of a third, a transit construction, a new family identity of the body. The mediators begin to practice full time and you will find several services for family mediation in Italy and in Europe.
The training criteria are much more defined and the European Forum spreads in various countries of the Mediterranean standards necessary for their service uniform in a united Europe, an increasing number of divorce cases in which transnational professionals from different countries must coordinate in order to search for common solutions for children with parents of different nationalities. The interest of the legal environment is increasingly high as evidenced by the numerous conferences promoted by the association of family lawyers, chambers Chambers in Rome, Varese, Turin and many other Italian cities.
The training conducted by interdisciplinary groups such as those conducted within the Master of the Catholic University of Milan, see integrated skills and open up several areas of co-mediators, the Anglo-Saxon model, where the two are integrated professionalism. Many European countries have ratified the Hague Agreement on the rights of the child, and shall include mediation as a key resource for safeguarding the rights of the child.
The Swiss colleagues use the context of mediation for the hearing children on behalf of the court, once again emphasizing parental responsibilities (strains MS, 2002). So here
which the French launched the L. 305/2002, where the judge of the family - to ensure a joint exercise of parental authority - can offer a family mediation and in 2001 the National Council, shall appoint a joint committee to develop a training and service organization for family mediation and to unify the national territory is essential levels of learning, the quality of and access to the resource of mediation (Dahn, 2003) 24.
Keep in mind that in France today, when we talk Family Mediation Services refers to a wide range of interventions under the civil law, with parental couples who voluntarily turn to third equidistant from the sides, but also an action required by JAF or JM (Justice Affairs Family or Juvenile Justice) for services to the conflicts between children and parents, conflicts between adults of different generations, including stepfamilies, etc. (see Babu and Aufierre, 2003).
In France after the birth of dell'APMF as outlined above, and through its joint action with the federation, there will be no law 125, 8 .2.1995 - Title II, art.21 where there is an explicit reference to mediation as a route by which people in conflict can come to agreements shared.
Then with the Law on the authority of the parental 04/03/2002, article 372-2-10 mediation is inserted into the Civil Code of the Republic of France and overseas territories.
Characteristic of this third-generation addition to the introduction of its own rules to make mediation a resource accessible to all those who so desire from the perspective of economic and legal developments, as well as the standardization of training, is the start of much research for effectiveness of the media path, for measuring del suo impatto sui costumi delle comunità europee e per conoscere il grado di soddisfazione da parte dei diretti interessati.
Diffuse in tutto il mondo sono oggi le ricerche longitudinali condotte da Robert Emery e dalla sua équipe della Virginia University. Già nel 1994, con il suo volume Renegotiating relationships: Divorce, child custody, and mediation, ci mostrò gli effetti positivi della mediazione che saranno poi confermati dalla sua ricerca pubblicata successivamente e da cui emerse evidente che i figli i cui genitori si sono separati ricorrendo al mediatore, hanno qualità e quantità di contatti molto più intensi rispetto ai ragazzi delle famiglie separate con l’iter legale tradizionale25. Also became clear that the level of satisfaction of the parties is much higher than in the control group that follows the way meditative than the control group to which it is given to follow the traditional judicial process.
Regarding the training signals from 1998, the route proposed European University Institute K. Boesch of Sion in Switzerland, from five universities, interesting example of this openness to different models of operation, but also the practice of mediation in other areas where this resource is recognized in the characteristic of being a strong protector of the social links between generations and communities.
points of mediation
From a logistical standpoint mediation has traveled a route of escape in time, that the expulsion from the places where justice is exercised: first guest of the courts, the family of divorce mediators are struggling to get out. I remember the impassioned speech by G. Devis at the European Congress on Family Mediation in Caen in 1990, when he pleaded the cause of the 'autonomy of the judicial offices "as being too risky and influencing the setting of the mediation. Seemed too difficult to "clean up" the context - As they say in the jargon - by the logic of opinion on who is eligible or not the parent. " We witness, therefore, a constant motion and relentless differentiation settting of mediation by the judicial environment and a progressive shift in seats "other", or family services in the public or third sector or in private practice.
Today we can say that worldwide the placement of extra-judicial mediator is seen as a conditio sine qua non for the effectiveness of the media, although still tight intertwining of the legal process and mediation spontaneous eliminated.
A recent census conducted by the Center on Family Studies and the University Catholic University of Milan in Italy, noted that with regard to the institutional placement, mediation is currently offered in multi-purpose services (64.4% of cases) where it is alongside other benefits for the family as a whole reality, and specialized services (29.4 % of cases) that is carried out only where the mediation familiare26. From the institutional point of view it is of public centers, that of social or private charities, which in occupational studies. This resource is offered in conjunction with counseling (76.2% of the centers) and legal (73% of the centers). Refer to the effectiveness of one or the other choice research presented in Florence in 200227 and updating Ediburgo presented in 2004. Here we recall only that the multi-purpose services and agents in carrying out a higher number of mediations, as it is given great consideration to the request and the assignment process, in the pre-mediation. The legal regulation
The legal process of mediation shows us how this practice started in England is spreading rapidly in Scotland, Wales and Ireland, according to the Anglo-Saxon pragmatism soon found space inside the legislation: the 1996 is the Children Acte for England and Wales and the 1999 Family Law Act, which is "required" for lawyers to steer clients seeking legal advice on separation processes in a free and compulsory meeting with a mediator recognized by the United Kingdom College of Family Mediation28. Before the legal advice to be represented in court facilities - all - enough information to choose this route outside the courts, which will be free for those eligible diritto29.
observing the legislative process took place in different countries we find that the 'soft option "to get the separation is given to parents with a" moment information mandatory ", but in no country is mediation required by law, otherwise its effectiveness. What is needed is legislation that will harmonize the activities of different actors on the stage of divorce in a chain of possible routes in which the stakes are economic relationship that is a time and a process space adequate.
from foreign experiences a possible indication would be to set up even at the Italian courts, at family planning clinics and in all places where couples come to begin the process of separation of information sessions, where you can find a professional trained and a lawyer, that enable parents in the actual condition of being able to anticipate their future and to maintain their parental responsibilities and to choose a course of mediation or litigation (Emery, 2000).
associations between professionals
According to the physiology of new jobs for family mediation occurred on route aggregation between training centers, including professional practitioners seeking to define a corpus Theoretically, a code of ethics and training standards that qualify the minimum requirements, skills and abilities in an effort to protect customers and communities social.
In 1995 in Italy the relationship between universities and media practices in favor of divided families are mature and May 25 the representatives of five training schools (the Irmef and the Center for Children and Adolescents in Rome, the Association Gea di Milano, School of Genovese Family Mediation and Family Research Centre for Studies and Catholic University of Milan), go to Rome by the Notary to give life to Simef, aggregation of family mediation practitioners, that refer to a Code Ethics and defining the professional and training standards of this new resource for families divided.
same time, the Executive Simef is received by the Minister for Affarri General Hon Ossicini, promoter of the Centre for the family, in which family mediation will have a role. This body and then the Inter-Ministerial Commission in subsequent stages listen privileged witnesses and representatives of various schools to obtain advice and information on the topic and to know the experience of other countries with the aim of arriving at a bill that - revising the legislation Divorce - prejudging the media path for those who wish to make arrangements having children in full responsibility. As I write I know that we have reached a unitary proposal signed Mr Paniz, still perfect and waiting for a discussion of the Houses.
Also in 1995 on the initiative of training schools to systemic therapy, such Eteropoiesi of Turin, Iscra of Modena, ITF life of Florence take the AIMS, the Association of International Systemic mediators, an association they belong to brokers involved in both the family social.
in 1999 is the AIMEF, with the Italian Association of Family Mediators' specific objective of "protection of the profession and recognition of the new profession of the family mediator (obtained later in 2004).
In England in 1998, the Association training of family mediators, the United Kingdom College of Family Mediators is now run by Huge England, refers to its Code of Practice and its interior has a Professional Standards Committee, which also indicates the stages of a Continuing Education (See www.ukcfm.co.uk.)
In Germany, as we have seen the BAFM, Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft fur Familienmediation in 2002 already has 600 members and has recognized 10 institutions in the interdisciplinary training.
Training
After a period of relative dispersion, where the training took place predominantly of European mediators going to the U.S. or Canada, since 1995 the APMF after the Congress of Caen, expands its role coordinating with other European countries. Training is paid a commission chaired by Joceline Dahn founder of the first mediation service for the City of Paris as the supranational body capable to issue accreditation to training centers in France and Europe who so request and start as an initial and essential function unit, also facilitated the spread of the Code of Conduct (the Charte Européenne de la formation des Médiateurs Familiaux) and some basic parameters for training. You begin to see a common pattern transmission of theoretical knowledge, technical skills and supervised practice is required, according to a practice now widespread in France, Belgium, Italy, Spain and Switzerland.
The training course in addition to basic training, is around 30 days (theoretical and practical lessons taught by experienced mediators and academics of various disciplines and work experience), creating problems with their English colleagues, who provided much of the training short and segmented. In this reflection after the event, we note that in this first phase, the countries of Northern Europe are more independent and less involved in this European approval! Will once again be that Lisa Parkison metterà in contatto i mediatori del nord e sud Europa nelle giornate di formazione per formatori dapprima a maggio del 2000 a Londra, e successivamente nel 2002 a Edimburgo.
Nel 1997 l’eredità di questo coordinamento spontaneo tra centri di formazione di diversi paesi fu raccolto in occasione di un importante Convegno a Marsiglia dove fu fondato il Forum Europeo dei Centri di Formazione e Ricerca in Mediazione Familiare, cui si è accennato prima, la cui prima Presidente fu Marie Claude Talin dell’Università di Provenza30, a cui è seguita Isabella Buzzi e oggi è diretto da Daniel Bustelo di Madrid.
La funzione svolta dal Forum è stata quella di fissare alcuni standards minimi per l’acquisizione Title of the family mediator, to raise more and more of the level of skills, provide opportunities for exchange and mutual control among European countries, although each country is starting to define their own training programs. In France, for example by the Decree of 02/12/2003 you have defined the characteristics of a Diplôme d'Etat de Médiateur familial31 in the same direction you are moving paesi32 other. In this text, the objectives of the Ombudsman is not only indicated the help to find alternative solutions in cases of rupture of the report, but it does speak explicitly of "reconstruction of family ties" (art. 1), recognizing this practice, una funzione ampia e qualificante. Per utilizzare una terminologia del paradigma “relazionale simbolico” mi pare che si possa affermare che viene assegnato a questo professionista un compito di “rigenerazione dei legami” familiari e comunitari.
Osservazioni conclusive
Come si sarà potuto notare dall’escusrus storico che ho cercato di delineare, la mediazione è una risorsa che risponde ad una precisa rappresentazione del famigliare inteso come gruppo con storia che genera storia, come luogo di apprendimento delle differenze di genere, di generazione e di stirpe (Scabini, Cigoli, 2003) che facilita la trasmissione di questi valori al di là del conflitto e che cerca di contenerne la dimensione distruttiva.
Infatti oggi parliamo di mediazione come di un intervento professionale per rinforzare i legami significativi, cioè di un rito scandito in tappe attraverso il quale il corpo familiare inteso come insieme di genitori, figli e parentela transitano da un ‘organizzazione di vita sotto lo stesso tetto, in cui genitori e figli coabitano, verso un nuovo assetto relazionale in cui – dato il conflitto insanabile – si vive in due case divise, ma vengono mantenute le responsabilità genitoriali, viene riconosciuto il valore dell’altro genitore. Il legame familiare viene “rigenerato by the conflict "and featured in a new way, in order to allow people involved to continue to have confidence in the bonds and live in hope and opportunity to establish new positive relationships.
After this brief overview on the history of family mediation or professional competence we see emerging a new profession, the great social importance, which is assigned a crucial responsibility in the construction of well-being of our communities.
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