Ana María Sánchez Durán Lawyer, family mediator AIEEF and trainer, Universidad Pontificia Comillas Madrid (Spain), anam.sanchez @ tin.it
The relationship between legal professionals, especially lawyers, family and lamed constitute an important issue from the point of vistateorico as for the practice of this methodology. Although two different worlds that of the Mediation and the Law, as I had the opportunity to discuss it in other works (Sánchez Durán1999, 2000, 2001), coincide in their vocation to be instruments socialiper the pacification of the conflict (albeit with different orientation, meaning, and weight) and must ultimately work together. If we circumscribe allamediazione family, you appreciate even more clearly the legal importanzadel factor and its influence in the mediation (Durán1996 Sánchez, 2000). We highlight some aspects of this report: · The legal information is fundamental in the process of mediazioneper avoid choosing solutions that are not legal validation, and assicurareche participants make informed decisions - something collegatocon the "empowerment" and the balance of powers in processodi mediation. · The attorney is usually the first professional to qualericorre a person facing a separation or divorce, Peress becoming a reference point and for what in the process of mediation: its collaboration can be decisive to be 'the place or mediazioneabbia meno1. · The family mediation and the judicial process can intrecciarsicronologicamente: it may begin before, during or after a processogiudiziario. Separation and divorce as a legal situations and how cambiamentodello marital status of the person, made through a judgment averpercorso after a judicial process. In family matters exist throughout Europe dellelegislazioni minutely regulating substantive and procedural aspects. The existence of a consensual procedure in cases of separation and divorziofavorisce the encounter between the world of mediation and the world of law, but in this context that the cooperation between mediators and avvocatipuò become more difficult. Until the appearance mediatorila the negotiation of separation and divorce was competenzaesclusiva of avvocati2. Although the cooperation between mediators and lawyers perentrambi offers clear benefits, it becomes difficult, on the one hand, the lack of knowledge and / ola diffidence in the face of family mediation in an important area degliavvocati. Distrust, according to Liborio L. Hierro, because percepisconocome an "intrusion by psychologists in the bar or at least an undesirable concorrenza3. Other reasons given by LisaParkinson (2003), in reference to England and Wales, but ancheestensibili to Spain, "the fear that the most vulnerabilenon is adequately protected, "or the perception of" mediazionecome a threat to his own role, especially if the litigants are obbligatia mediation and is denied access to vielegali4. "adds this author," sometimes involve mediators and Legalise a bit 'as parents divorcing and fighting over ottenerel'affidamento of a child. If brokers and lawyers facing competizioneper in possession of a territory that both want their customers possonofinire shoved each other as children of parents in lite5. " We mediators, individually and through our associations, we are dedicated dedicatoe una gran parte dei nostri sforzi a spiegare la mediazione e a “convincere” deisuoi pregi gli avvocati, eppure non sempre abbiamo messo in conto che una concezionemanichea della mediazione ostacolava la comunicazione6. Un altro scoglio può essere il pregiudizio7 che l’intervento degliavvocati può rallentare l’accordo fra le parti e inasprire lo scontronelle liti matrimoniali. E’ vero che la formazione universitaria degliavvocati prepara fondamentalmente ad agire in forma antagonistica nella difesadel loro cliente8 (e che questo atteggiamento influirà nell’evoluzionedel conflitto) ma nella mia esperienza come avvocato di famiglia ho potuto conosceremolti stili di esercizio di questa professione, and often are the clients quelliche choose the type of lawyer, more or less belligerent in credonoaver need. In the end, it is not always easy to draw the dividing line between mansionidel mediator and lawyer, as we shall see. Nevertheless, Spain is a growing number of advocates for family mediation checonsiderano an acceptable alternative, or comincianoa see it as an interdisciplinary activity that they themselves possonosvolgere. Everything connected with the growing influx of legal aicorsi awareness-raising and training of family mediators. Even the Bar gliOrdini Spaniards are interested in mediation and have rivendicatola their participation in the drafting of bills that included (to date we have four regional laws on mediation familiare9, and also various bills pending). But even without nelleregioni English laws on family mediation, the Orders of Avvocatiesercitano a very active role in education and training on mediazionefamiliare, and semi-public coordination of services.
1. The avvocato10 and mediator distinction of roles and strategies to enhance collaboration
Let's see, first, what are the tasks performed by each of these professionals in different phases:
1. a. Before the mediation
1.a.1. Functions: The lawyer first hear the story of the Customer and will analyze the legal perspective, identifying the claims of esso11 and information on the possibility of that content across a trading and / or legal proceedings, consent or contentious.
In this first approach, the lawyer can work with the family mediation including it among the various options and resources available to her customer to meet its demands. This collaboration can be: active and empowering (explaining, or even advising this possibility to its customer) or passive: not dissuading the customer when the mediation has been lodged by the other party or by the court.
For what it would be necessary had assimilated perfectly well what is the mediation (as distinct from other measures of family support), what are its limitations and when not appropriate, and how it connects with the judicial procedure, as well as what will be the rightful place in the different phases of this path. You can also target different centers and mediation services in the area.
When the judge invites the parties to use mediation, the lawyer, in the interests of his client should ensure that the respecting the voluntary nature of the route (because the mere invitation of the judge may have a coercive effect).
If mediation is initiated after judicial proceedings have been initiated litigation, the lawyers will continue their role to defend the client in the context of the court, asking for and initiating the suspension of the civile12, and informing his client about any urgent problems to be resolved so that this will bring the issues in mediation and discuss it.1.a.2. Strategies: will work only if the lawyer is aware of the advantages of mediation, first, for his client (because it has the task of defending the legal interests of their clients, who must be convinced that the mediation avvantaggerà13 (or at least not undermine, but then even for the same office. It will be ready to listen to these arguments only if they see clearly what is its function during and after mediation, if you do not feel invaded his area of \u200b\u200bexpertise, ultimately, if you hear "expropriated".
1.a.3. Benefits attorney from the 'send to mediation
The practice of law often places the legal situations in which extremely complicated "the situation ... emotional retards management problem legal" 14 (Bernal, 2002). this sense Bustelo and Durán Sánchez (1999) reported: "a rational being flooded with emotional situations, the customer is directed to 'lawyer asked that claims its diritto15" In my experience, many times customers ask for the lawyer of family things in excess of that for which it was drawn: comfort, loyalty and unconditional defense of personal confidences and listening to long (perhaps at any time of day) ... The lawyer in this context, it must choose between several options: to become "the lawyer champion" that exacerbates its role as a defender, fully identifying with the cause of his clients, or "the lawyer goal, "which simply collect data with legal significance, relegating other content, or" attorney-adviser "that lends itself to hear stories and painstaking recommend to his client what to do even in aspects of daily (Bernal, 2002) 16 . Interventions are not free from risk to the lawyer and any attempt to put his client in the face of reality, or at least other aspects not taken into account, the customer can be experienced as a betrayal.
In this sense, mediation can raise these difficulties because of extrajudicial offer customers a containment of the crisis, recognition and legitimacy of his feelings, the recovery of the protagonists in jack decisions (and therefore, the personal liability for them), the comparison with the points of view and with the limits of reality, helping them to distinguish between desire and possibility. So the lawyer can focus in the management of the legal problem, information and advice on the pros and cons of each option allowed by law. But aware that, if mediation does not work in this case, his client could groped the way litigation without prejudice.1.b. During the mediation
1.b.1. Functions: In its role as defending the legal interests of its cliente17 take il ruolo di consulente legale, fornendo informazioni e consigli giuridici di cui il suo cliente possa avere bisogno lungo la mediazione.
Una delle difficoltà nel delimitare i compiti che, rispettivamente, corrispondono a mediatori e avvocati si riferisce alla informazione giuridica. Secondo la Raccomandazione 1/98 del Consiglio di Europa (principio III.x.) “il mediatore può fornire informazioni di carattere legale ma non può prestare consulenza legale: dovrebbe, quando opportuno, informare le parti della possibilità di consultare un legale o altro professionista che abbia competenza in materia”. Al parere di Marlow (1999)18 bisognerebbe differenziare tra informazione giuridica, che sarebbe una “dichiarazione generale about what the law states "on a certain point, legal opinion, which consists of offering" an opinion on what would be the possible outcome in the particular case "if a decision to submit himself to Tribunale19, and finally, the legal advice or recommend a certain course of action or conduct: for example, whether to accept or reject a proposta20. The legal opinion and advice can only come from a lawyer, while participants in the mediation could obtain legal information:
by an independent legal consultant: well, there may be two lawyers (one for each side) or one comune21. Among the authors are different opinions about the fact that one or two, but in my opinion, this is a decision that belongs only to the parties and where you should not interferire22.
order to prevent or remedy imbalances of power, the mediator will ask the participants if they have consulted a lawyer and invite them to share information at their disposal. If one of them had not yet done so, you can encourage to do so.
usually remain outside the mediation lawyers and clients to bring the information collected and then analyzed with the help of the mediator. To this end, Article. 17, 2 of the Rules of Family Mediation in Catalonia (Decree 139/2002 of May 14) provides, on request of the parties, the temporary suspension the process of mediation to consult their avvocati23.
exception, they may participate in one or more sedute24 (for example, because you have to deal with a matter of great legal complexity, or concrete proposals). Among other aspects, should clarify the legal obligations of the parties to respect the confidentiality of the mediation process.
Advocate as a consultant of the mediator or the mediation process: English regional mediation laws provide that the mediator may request advice when he has the knowledge required specializzate25. In addition, under the laws of Valencia (art. 15.2) and the Canary Islands (Article 12 and 6) the Ombudsman may, with the consent of parties, the involvement of consultants in the process (eg a lawyer). In some mediation services, a lawyer-mediator joins the mediation temporarily, speaking on a few sessions, or giving advice to the Ombudsman without meeting the partecipanti26. The same broker
: The authors argue that this possibility to the condition that the broker is also a lawyer and you always do all of the parti27, and emphasize the difference between having the information in an antagonistic or in a neutral context. Other scholars such as Lisa Parkinson (1997, 2003) find that the Ombudsman provides information but not advice. The information that the broker could provide (eg through a brochure) but it would be only the general type, however, know the answers to specific legal rules that have applied to their situation (and this is rarely a single answer and correct) the partners must eventually resort to a lawyer.
In my opinion, is better than the broker fails to provide legal information to the danger that this could bring the parties (as well as himself) in a confusion about his role, and a loss of neutrality and impartiality (no matter whether real or merely perceived so by the parties). The parties should do the same when we need other information or advice (psychological, medical, educational, tax appeal ...): a consulente28. In addition, an approach interdisciplinare29, the functions of the Ombudsman should be defined uniformly, regardless of what was his basic training.
Finally, in the final stage of mediation, reached a consensus, the lawyer will review the draft intesa30 before being signed (Parkinson, p. 2003. 268) to prove that his client or clients include all the legal consequences of , which is not vulnerable to public policy, family and that there are serious drawbacks for its judicial approval. Otherwise, customers will be able to return to mediation.1. c) After the mediation
Tasks vested in the lawyers at the end of mediation are:
- Drafting of legal documentation required (and the action of the separation, or translation to legal terms of the agreement reached in mediation) and filing of documents before the Court.
- The representation and defense of the party or parties in the judicial process, including the possible defense of the front of the prosecutor and the judge to warn a hypothetical family when they conflict with the interests of figli31.
2. The mediator with an educational background giuridico32: training needs, practices and ethics
In most European countries, lawyers can practice family mediation. Their training as a mediator, primarily of professional experience with multi-year, involves them in a deep work on themselves to abandon the traditional places. All this implies a crisis, calling into question old habits, procedures and mindset to be able to open up new perspectives. I think it is important that training courses for family mediators there is a seminar on "Mediation and Law" to take into account these difficulties, and is dedicated not only to provide legal information, but also to reflect: 1) the importance of Legge e il Diritto nel processo di mediazione e sui limiti da porre a questa influenza; 2) sulle differenze di pensiero nel “mondo del Diritto” e nel “mondo della mediazione”; e ad acquisire le abilità occorrenti per mettere tutto ciò in pratica come mediatori33. Il conduttore del seminario, insieme al proprio gruppo di formazione (interdisciplinare) aiutano ogni partecipante a completare le sue conoscenze di carattere legale (o, a quelli che le avevano, a poterle usare da una prospettiva utile non antagonistica) e a fare un passo essenziale nel loro percorso verso il “savoir-étre” mediatore34.
Per quanto concerne la pratica, ci saranno differenze riguardo i compiti che svolgerà il mediatore con un background legale secondo la scuola in cui si è formato e secondo il modello di mediazione scelto. Lasciando da parte quelli che più o meno direttamente escludono il suo intervento, il mediatore potrà, grosso modo, operare da solo, in mediazione globale o parziale sugli aspetti di carattere economico e patrimoniale, in co-mediazione o nella cosiddetta mediazione di “ancoraggio”35.
Riguardo l’aspetto deontologico, il mediatore che è anche avvocato non può intervenire nello stesso caso come legale e come mediatore, né contemporaneamente né successivamente36.
L’avvocato che sceglie di lavorare come mediatore non è per ciò costretto ad abbandonare l’esercizio della professione legal, but will have to discriminate the type of intervention to be done in each case. Will be required to: a) analyze the demand of the customer to determine what service is asking (as a mediator or lawyer), b) once you decide the type of intervention, to maintain total consistency, that is, awareness and constant attention not only on the says (eg, the mediator should not use legal jargon), and what it does (eg, the mediator does not recommend, not convincing, does not suggest) but also on what he thinks and feels. In this regard can be of great help to the working groups of equal or professional supervision. It should also distinguish between physical spaces (the distributors) where he works as a mediator and where he works as lawyer.
In reality, this is not a specialty about brokers who have a different basic training and another parallel to mediation practice, which should make the same choice.
3. A lawyer who uses mediation techniques: differences
Another possibility is that the lawyer who, having trained as a mediator, uses the techniques learned to improve its work as a lawyer. Techniques are particularly useful for the lawyer of the family are reframing, legitimacy, active listening, hypothetical questions and circular ... perfino quando deve operare come “difensore” in un procedimento contenzioso per far tener conto al suo cliente degli interessi della sua famiglia e dei figli.
Quando la coppia ricorre a un solo avvocato per preparare una separazione o divorzio consensuale, questo professionista può usare tecniche di mediazione per facilitare il raggiungimento degli accordi da omologare in tribunale: se decide di intervenire come avvocato-consulente (e non come mediatore) dovrà avere molto chiari gli obiettivi e i limiti del suo operato. Essere il legale della coppia significa dare priorità alla prospettiva dei diritti e degli interessi giuridicamente rilevanti, consigliare e tutelare entrambi in forma imparziale. Personalmente penso che porrebbe un problema etico al professionista. Anzitutto, quando una coppia ricerca consulenza legale in una separazione o divorzio dovrebbe informarla sulla possibilità di ricorrere alla mediazione. Inoltre, se l’avvocato percepisce che quello che gli chiedono i clienti, anche non consapevolmente, è di fare una mediazione (ovvero, non bastando un uso puntuale di tecniche per concretizzare l’accordo che grosso modo ci porta la coppia) dovrebbe inviarli a un mediatore e restare come consulente legale della coppia. Altrimenti, starebbe facendo mediazione senza sottoporsi ai limiti deontologici del mediatore.
Conclusioni:
Abbiamo esaminato l’importanza della collaborazione fra avvocati and mediators and, thereby, the need to establish clearly what are the responsibilities of each. I did not mean much to offer a definitive solution to this problem as well as stimulate a debate between lawyers and mediators to reach a shared definition of their functions, perhaps different in each country. This will generate the confidence of professionals and the public and will encourage the development of mediation.
Notes
2 In Spain the promulgation of the Law of Divorce (1981) the avvocatihanno undertook this task and also to their credit more than 50 100 of the Matrimonial (mainly in separations) follow the consensual procedure. In practice, the majority of family lawyers are accustomed groped the path of negotiation before resorting to litigation.
3 See the Prologue to Liborio L. Hierro (p. 14) to the 2nd edition of Bernal's book "The mediación ..." (2002)
4 Parkinson "The Family Mediation ..." (2003) p.. 29
5 Parkinson (2003) Op Cit. p.. 30
6 How Lisa Parkinson (2003) reminds us: "In the comparison between mediation and the process often tends to paint the mediation as" good "and the process in court as" bad. " This simplistic value judgments does not do justice to any of the two systems .. ". [Op Cit. p.. 30] See also Durán Sánchez "La mediación, ¿average 'alternative »..." (2001) p. 78.
7 At least that's what I seem to have received from some of my students, proceeding from other professions at the start of training in family mediation.
8 E 'this is consistent with the cultural paradigm "winner / loser" resolutions of conflicts existing in our society.
9 See Law 1 / 2001 to March 15 of Catalonia, Law 4 / 2001 of 31 MaggioDanza Galicia, Law 7 / 2001 to 26 November in Valencia and Law 15/2003 DI8 of the Canary Islands in April. Professional bodies are generally svolgendoun important role in the formation, management and administration of tuttoil sistema.Vedi Durán Sánchez "A Brief Survey ..." (2003)
10 In Spain, before and after the reform of the Code of Civil Procedure (2000) the presence of a lawyer is required by law in all cases of separation and divorce in Spain, consensual or that are contentious, and also generally in all matters of family law. In my opinion, this fact offers the prospect a little 'different than what is actually Italian
11 The Advocate often does something more: "reformulate" the facts recounted by the client and his or her claim in order to adapt to what state law applies, taking account of available evidence. So prepare your strategy to negotiate or to present the case.
12 The English Code of Civil Procedure of 2000 provides (art. 19, 4) lapossibilità suspension of civil procedure when you attempt a transaction at the request of the parties. In fact, they should ask their lawyers [See also paragraph 6 (a) of the Draft Law on Mediation drafted by the European Forum for Italy. In other Bassoli et "mediation system" page. 82]
13 Il benessere di tutta la famiglia trarrà vantaggi anche al suo cliente.
14 Bernal “La Mediación: una solución …” pag. 53
15 Bustelo, Sánchez Durán “Haciendo mediación …” pag 10
16 Bernal Op. Cit. pag. 54
17 Tra i cui dovrebbe anche includere l’interesse della famiglia e della prole, per le speciali caratteristiche del Diritto di famiglia.
18 Marlow “Mediación Familiar…” p. 174
19 because they are giving concrete expression to the generality of the rule of law: there is no single correct answer but many.
20 This last activity should always be made with great attention to the enormous responsibility that entails. The lawyer may inform about the different possible actions, making the customer aware of the advantages and legal risks of each, but the final decision is always the customer, and this is never dependent solely by factors with legal significance (which are the only ones on where a lawyer could opine).
21 possible existence both in English as in the Italian law.
22 The intervention of a single legal adviser of choice for both partners, familiar with the mediation, it would be very facilitative, but it is not possible in all cases. Second, the existence of two lawyers can also benefit: for example, reassure the parties on the information received.
23 or even other professionals.
24 See Parkinson, "Family Mediation" (1997) p.. 82, and also Proposition for Italy ... Op Cit. Page 77, paragraphs 1 (1) and 1 (2).
25 See art. 14 (Law of Catalonia), Art. 14, 2 (Law of Galicia) and Art. 8, paragraph 4 (Act of Valencia)
Model 26 called "anchor mediation" or "mediation anchor." See Parkinson "Family mediation ..." Page 83
27 See Cárdenas (1999) p.. 83, and Marlow, op. Cit. Page 169-172
28 According to the model of Interdisciplinary AIEEF (English Association of Interdisciplinary Studies on the Family ") where I trained. See also Code of Conduct in AIMS Bassoli and others, "Mediation Sistemica” art. 5, pag. 73)
29 Che è diverso della multidisciplinarietà. Vedi Bustelo, Sánchez Durán. “Haciendo Mediación…” pag. 5
30 Vedi anche Codice Deontologico AIMS art. 7
31 Se i genitori pensano che l’accordo rispetta l’interesse dei figli e sempre che esista alcuna possibilità di addurre argomenti a sostegno dell’accordo, in primo o secondo grado.
32 Il termine “avvocato- mediatore” può portare ad errore.
33 Nel caso contrario è comprensibile che gli avvocati siano esonerati dal fare il “modulo giuridico” dei programmi di formazione in mediazione familiare, come stabilisce in Catalogna il Decreto 237/2002, del 3 di luglio.
34 Per ulteriore approfondimento vedi Sánchez Durán “Ways of...” Tavola Rotonda (2003), n.1-2, pag. 24-26
35 Idealmente, con un co-mediatore o secondo mediatore dell’altro sesso e con formazione di base psico-sociale) soprattutto quando esistano “problematiche difficoltose riguardanti i figli o, comunque, situazioni di elevata conflittualità …[per aiutare] l’avvocato Ombudsman to handle power imbalances and create new choices. "Parkinson (2003) p. 82.
36 See art. Code of Conduct 5 AIMS point and 4 C. Ethics SIMeF; Grebe "structured mediation" in Ardon, Mazzoni (1994) p.. 181, art. 22, 5 Decree 139/2002 of May 14 on family mediation in Catalonia. This space will be dedicated to receive questions regarding rules, laws, regulations present and future of family mediation.
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